Colonial rule and African resistance

British colonial rule in Kenya

• Indirect rule: the British used local chiefs to collect taxes and keep order.
• Land alienation: Africans lost fertile land in the highlands ("White Highlands") to European settlers.
• Forced labour and the kipande system (identity cards that restricted African movement).
• Taxes: hut tax and poll tax forced Africans to work on settler farms.
• The Uganda Railway (1896–1901) was built from Mombasa to Kisumu using Indian labour.